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Lewis Hine

Re-Becca: 1909

March 1909. A trio of Hartford, Connecticut, newsies. "Have been selling two years. Youngest, Yedda Welled, is 11 years old. Next, Rebecca Cohen, is 12. Next, Rebecca Kirwin, is 14." Glass negative by Lewis Wickes Hine for the National Child Labor Committee. View full size.

March 1909. A trio of Hartford, Connecticut, newsies. "Have been selling two years. Youngest, Yedda Welled, is 11 years old. Next, Rebecca Cohen, is 12. Next, Rebecca Kirwin, is 14." Glass negative by Lewis Wickes Hine for the National Child Labor Committee. View full size.

 

Powerhouse: 1921

      On this Labor Day 2021, Shorpy wishes everyone a meaningful and at least momentary break from toil.
"Powerhouse Mechanic and Steam Pump" (1921). One of Lewis Wickes Hine's celebrated "work portraits" made after his decade-long project documenting child labor. View full size.

      On this Labor Day 2021, Shorpy wishes everyone a meaningful and at least momentary break from toil.

"Powerhouse Mechanic and Steam Pump" (1921). One of Lewis Wickes Hine's celebrated "work portraits" made after his decade-long project documenting child labor. View full size.

 

Carnival Ride From Hell: 1911

January 1911. South Pittston, Pennsylvania. "A view of the Pennsylvania Breaker. 'Breaker boys' remove rocks and other debris from the coal by hand as it passes beneath them. The dust is so dense at times as to obscure the view and penetrates the utmost recesses of the boys' lungs." Photo by Lewis Wickes Hine. View full size.

From the 1906 book The Bitter Cry of the Children by labor reformer John Spargo:

        Work in the coal breakers is exceedingly hard and dangerous. Crouched over the chutes, the boys sit hour after hour, picking out the pieces of slate and other refuse from the coal as it rushes past to the washers. From the cramped position they have to assume, most of them become more or less deformed and bent-backed like old men. When a boy has been working for some time and begins to get round-shouldered, his fellows say that “He’s got his boy to carry round wherever he goes.”          The coal is hard, and accidents to the hands, such as cut, broken, or crushed fingers, are common among the boys. Sometimes there is a worse accident: a terrified shriek is heard, and a boy is mangled and torn in the machinery, or disappears in the chute to be picked out later smothered and dead. Clouds of dust fill the breakers and are inhaled by the boys, laying the foundations for asthma and miners’ consumption.

        I once stood in a breaker for half an hour and tried to do the work a 12-year-old boy was doing day after day, for 10 hours at a stretch, for 60 cents a day. The gloom of the breaker appalled me. Outside the sun shone brightly, the air was pellucid, and the birds sang in chorus with the trees and the rivers. Within the breaker there was blackness, clouds of deadly dust enfolded everything, the harsh, grinding roar of the machinery and the ceaseless rushing of coal through the chutes filled the ears. I tried to pick out the pieces of slate from the hurrying stream of coal, often missing them; my hands were bruised and cut in a few minutes; I was covered from head to foot with coal dust, and for many hours afterwards I was expectorating some of the small particles of anthracite I had swallowed.

        I could not do that work and live, but there were boys of 10 and 12 years of age doing it for 50 and 60 cents a day. Some of them had never been inside of a school; few of them could read a child’s primer. True, some of them attended the night schools, but after working 10 hours in the breaker the educational results from attending school were practically nil. “We goes fer a good time, an’ we keeps de guys wot’s dere hoppin’ all de time,” said little Owen Jones, whose work I had been trying to do.

        From the breakers the boys graduate to the mine depths, where they become door tenders, switch boys, or mule drivers. Here, far below the surface, work is still more dangerous. At 14 or 15 the boys assume the same risks as the men, and are surrounded by the same perils. Nor is it in Pennsylvania only that these conditions exist. In the bituminous mines of West Virginia, boys of 9 or 10 are frequently employed. I met one little fellow 10 years old in Mount Carbon, West Virginia, last year, who was employed as a “trap boy.” Think of what it means to be a trap boy at 10 years of age. It means to sit alone in a dark mine passage hour after hour, with no human soul near; to see no living creature except the mules as they pass with their loads, or a rat or two seeking to share one’s meal; to stand in water or mud that covers the ankles, chilled to the marrow by the cold draughts that rush in when you open the trap door for the mules to pass through; to work for 14 hours — waiting — opening and shutting a door — then waiting again for 60 cents; to reach the surface when all is wrapped in the mantle of night, and to fall to the earth exhausted and have to be carried away to the nearest “shack” to be revived before it is possible to walk to the farther shack called “home.”

        Boys 12 years of age may be legally employed in the mines of West Virginia, by day or by night, and for as many hours as the employers care to make them toil or their bodies will stand the strain. Where the disregard of child life is such that this may be done openly and with legal sanction, it is easy to believe what miners have again and again told me — that there are hundreds of little boys of 9 and 10 years of age employed in the coal mines of this state.
-- John Spargo, The Bitter Cry of the Children (New York: Macmillan, 1906)

January 1911. South Pittston, Pennsylvania. "A view of the Pennsylvania Breaker. 'Breaker boys' remove rocks and other debris from the coal by hand as it passes beneath them. The dust is so dense at times as to obscure the view and penetrates the utmost recesses of the boys' lungs." Photo by Lewis Wickes Hine. View full size.

From the 1906 book The Bitter Cry of the Children by labor reformer John Spargo:

        Work in the coal breakers is exceedingly hard and dangerous. Crouched over the chutes, the boys sit hour after hour, picking out the pieces of slate and other refuse from the coal as it rushes past to the washers. From the cramped position they have to assume, most of them become more or less deformed and bent-backed like old men. When a boy has been working for some time and begins to get round-shouldered, his fellows say that “He’s got his boy to carry round wherever he goes.”

 

Breaker Boys: 1911

January 1911. "Group of boys working in No. 9 Breaker. Pennsylvania Coal Co., Hughestown Borough, Pittston, Pennsylvania. Smallest is Sam Belloma, Pine Street." Photograph by Lewis Wickes Hine for the National Child Labor Committee. View full size.

January 1911. "Group of boys working in No. 9 Breaker. Pennsylvania Coal Co., Hughestown Borough, Pittston, Pennsylvania. Smallest is Sam Belloma, Pine Street." Photograph by Lewis Wickes Hine for the National Child Labor Committee. View full size.

 

Tobacco Tim: 1917

August 6, 1917. "10 year old picker on Gildersleeve Tobacco Farm. Gildersleeve, Connecticut." Photo by Lewis Wickes Hine for the National Child Labor Committee. View full size.

August 6, 1917. "10 year old picker on Gildersleeve Tobacco Farm. Gildersleeve, Connecticut." Photo by Lewis Wickes Hine for the National Child Labor Committee. View full size.

 

Bowdoin Boot-Blacks: 1909

October 1909. "A Group of Boot-Blacks in Bowdoin Square, a Passing Juvenile Industry. Location: Boston, Massachusetts." Photograph by Lewis Wickes Hine. View full size.

October 1909. "A Group of Boot-Blacks in Bowdoin Square, a Passing Juvenile Industry. Location: Boston, Massachusetts." Photograph by Lewis Wickes Hine. View full size.

 

The Apprentice: 1917

Jan. 30, 1917. "14-year old Fred cutting dies for a new job. Embossing shop of Harry C. Taylor. 61 Court Street, Boston, Mass." 5x7 inch glass negative by Lewis Wickes Hine. View full size.

Jan. 30, 1917. "14-year old Fred cutting dies for a new job. Embossing shop of Harry C. Taylor. 61 Court Street, Boston, Mass." 5x7 inch glass negative by Lewis Wickes Hine. View full size.

 

The Gleaners: 1910

February 1910. "10 a.m. Saturday. 36 Laight Street, New York. Florence Lieto, 10 years old; Jennie Macola, 10 years old (hidden); Mamie Macola, 8; Nicholas Macola, 6. Picking coffee sweepings. The sweepings cost 25 cents a sack at the warehouse, and picked-over coffee sells at about 12 cents a pound. Man working with sore hand tied up in bandage. Children work after school hours and on Saturdays." Photo by Lewis Wickes Hine. View full size.

February 1910. "10 a.m. Saturday. 36 Laight Street, New York. Florence Lieto, 10 years old; Jennie Macola, 10 years old (hidden); Mamie Macola, 8; Nicholas Macola, 6. Picking coffee sweepings. The sweepings cost 25 cents a sack at the warehouse, and picked-over coffee sells at about 12 cents a pound. Man working with sore hand tied up in bandage. Children work after school hours and on Saturdays." Photo by Lewis Wickes Hine. View full size.

 

Judges Avert Probe: 1913

"Newsboy, 1913. No caption card found. Date based on captions for neighboring numbers. 'Pittsburg' may be in text at top of newspaper on ground, but neighboring newsboy photos taken in New York. Headline appears to be 'Judges Avert Probe and Save Blakeley'." Photo by Lewis Wickes Hine for the National Child Labor Committee. View full size.

"Newsboy, 1913. No caption card found. Date based on captions for neighboring numbers. 'Pittsburg' may be in text at top of newspaper on ground, but neighboring newsboy photos taken in New York. Headline appears to be 'Judges Avert Probe and Save Blakeley'." Photo by Lewis Wickes Hine for the National Child Labor Committee. View full size.

 

A Double Shot: 1909

March 1909. Hartford, Connecticut. "9:30 P.M. A common case of 'team work.' Smaller boy (Joseph Bishop) goes into saloon and sells his last papers. Then comes out and his brother gives him more. Joseph said, 'Drunks are me best customers. I sell more'n me brudder does. Dey buy me out so I kin go home.' He sells every afternoon and night. Extra late Saturday. At it again at 6 A.M. Sunday." Photo by Lewis Wickes Hine for the National Child Labor Committee. View full size.

March 1909. Hartford, Connecticut. "9:30 P.M. A common case of 'team work.' Smaller boy (Joseph Bishop) goes into saloon and sells his last papers. Then comes out and his brother gives him more. Joseph said, 'Drunks are me best customers. I sell more'n me brudder does. Dey buy me out so I kin go home.' He sells every afternoon and night. Extra late Saturday. At it again at 6 A.M. Sunday." Photo by Lewis Wickes Hine for the National Child Labor Committee. View full size.

 

Cherryville Warper: 1908

November 1908. "Woman at beam warper. Melville Mfg. Company, Cherryville, North Carolina." 5x7 glass negative by Lewis Wickes Hine. View full size.

November 1908. "Woman at beam warper. Melville Mfg. Company, Cherryville, North Carolina." 5x7 glass negative by Lewis Wickes Hine. View full size.

 

Back-Ropers: 1909

May 1909. "Leopold Daigneau and Arsene Lussier, 'back-roping boys' in mule-spinning room at Chace Cotton Mill, Burlington, Vermont." Glass negative by the child-labor reformer Lewis Wickes Hine. View full size.

May 1909. "Leopold Daigneau and Arsene Lussier, 'back-roping boys' in mule-spinning room at Chace Cotton Mill, Burlington, Vermont." Glass negative by the child-labor reformer Lewis Wickes Hine. View full size.

 

Sunshine & Shadow: 1916

June 5, 1916. New York. "Miss Mackay's pageant Children of Sunshine and Shadow (with the hoop symbolizing 'Play') as presented at Washington Irving High School." Glass negative by Lewis Wickes Hine. View full size.

June 5, 1916. New York. "Miss Mackay's pageant Children of Sunshine and Shadow (with the hoop symbolizing 'Play') as presented at Washington Irving High School." Glass negative by Lewis Wickes Hine. View full size.

 

Gutterball U.: 1910

September 1910. Burlington, Vermont. "Two of the 'pin boys' working in Bowling Academy with three other small boys until 10 or 11 p.m. some nights." One of our astute commenters noticed this place just two doors over from the hotel seen here, and made the connection to Lewis Hine, who took this photo, as well as the pictures of Shorpy.com's namesake coal miner. View full size.

September 1910. Burlington, Vermont. "Two of the 'pin boys' working in Bowling Academy with three other small boys until 10 or 11 p.m. some nights." One of our astute commenters noticed this place just two doors over from the hotel seen here, and made the connection to Lewis Hine, who took this photo, as well as the pictures of Shorpy.com's namesake coal miner. View full size.

 

Wee Lads: 1910

May 1910. "Noon hour at Obear-Nestor Glass Co., East St. Louis, Illinois. Names of the smallest boys are: Walter Kohler, 981 N. 18th Street; Walter Riley, 918 N. 17th Street; Will Convery, 1828 Natalie Avenue; Clifford Matheny, 1927 Summit Avenue. All employed at the glassworks." Photo by Lewis Hine. View full size.

May 1910. "Noon hour at Obear-Nestor Glass Co., East St. Louis, Illinois. Names of the smallest boys are: Walter Kohler, 981 N. 18th Street; Walter Riley, 918 N. 17th Street; Will Convery, 1828 Natalie Avenue; Clifford Matheny, 1927 Summit Avenue. All employed at the glassworks." Photo by Lewis Hine. View full size.

 
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