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Mining

Beer Depot: 1941

September 1941. "Old beer depot in mining town. Leadville, Colorado." Medium format acetate negative by Marion Post Wolcott for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

September 1941. "Old beer depot in mining town. Leadville, Colorado." Medium format acetate negative by Marion Post Wolcott for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

 

Carnival Ride From Hell: 1911

January 1911. South Pittston, Pennsylvania. "A view of the Pennsylvania Breaker. 'Breaker boys' remove rocks and other debris from the coal by hand as it passes beneath them. The dust is so dense at times as to obscure the view and penetrates the utmost recesses of the boys' lungs." Photo by Lewis Wickes Hine. View full size.

From the 1906 book The Bitter Cry of the Children by labor reformer John Spargo:

        Work in the coal breakers is exceedingly hard and dangerous. Crouched over the chutes, the boys sit hour after hour, picking out the pieces of slate and other refuse from the coal as it rushes past to the washers. From the cramped position they have to assume, most of them become more or less deformed and bent-backed like old men. When a boy has been working for some time and begins to get round-shouldered, his fellows say that “He’s got his boy to carry round wherever he goes.”          The coal is hard, and accidents to the hands, such as cut, broken, or crushed fingers, are common among the boys. Sometimes there is a worse accident: a terrified shriek is heard, and a boy is mangled and torn in the machinery, or disappears in the chute to be picked out later smothered and dead. Clouds of dust fill the breakers and are inhaled by the boys, laying the foundations for asthma and miners’ consumption.

        I once stood in a breaker for half an hour and tried to do the work a 12-year-old boy was doing day after day, for 10 hours at a stretch, for 60 cents a day. The gloom of the breaker appalled me. Outside the sun shone brightly, the air was pellucid, and the birds sang in chorus with the trees and the rivers. Within the breaker there was blackness, clouds of deadly dust enfolded everything, the harsh, grinding roar of the machinery and the ceaseless rushing of coal through the chutes filled the ears. I tried to pick out the pieces of slate from the hurrying stream of coal, often missing them; my hands were bruised and cut in a few minutes; I was covered from head to foot with coal dust, and for many hours afterwards I was expectorating some of the small particles of anthracite I had swallowed.

        I could not do that work and live, but there were boys of 10 and 12 years of age doing it for 50 and 60 cents a day. Some of them had never been inside of a school; few of them could read a child’s primer. True, some of them attended the night schools, but after working 10 hours in the breaker the educational results from attending school were practically nil. “We goes fer a good time, an’ we keeps de guys wot’s dere hoppin’ all de time,” said little Owen Jones, whose work I had been trying to do.

        From the breakers the boys graduate to the mine depths, where they become door tenders, switch boys, or mule drivers. Here, far below the surface, work is still more dangerous. At 14 or 15 the boys assume the same risks as the men, and are surrounded by the same perils. Nor is it in Pennsylvania only that these conditions exist. In the bituminous mines of West Virginia, boys of 9 or 10 are frequently employed. I met one little fellow 10 years old in Mount Carbon, West Virginia, last year, who was employed as a “trap boy.” Think of what it means to be a trap boy at 10 years of age. It means to sit alone in a dark mine passage hour after hour, with no human soul near; to see no living creature except the mules as they pass with their loads, or a rat or two seeking to share one’s meal; to stand in water or mud that covers the ankles, chilled to the marrow by the cold draughts that rush in when you open the trap door for the mules to pass through; to work for 14 hours — waiting — opening and shutting a door — then waiting again for 60 cents; to reach the surface when all is wrapped in the mantle of night, and to fall to the earth exhausted and have to be carried away to the nearest “shack” to be revived before it is possible to walk to the farther shack called “home.”

        Boys 12 years of age may be legally employed in the mines of West Virginia, by day or by night, and for as many hours as the employers care to make them toil or their bodies will stand the strain. Where the disregard of child life is such that this may be done openly and with legal sanction, it is easy to believe what miners have again and again told me — that there are hundreds of little boys of 9 and 10 years of age employed in the coal mines of this state.
-- John Spargo, The Bitter Cry of the Children (New York: Macmillan, 1906)

January 1911. South Pittston, Pennsylvania. "A view of the Pennsylvania Breaker. 'Breaker boys' remove rocks and other debris from the coal by hand as it passes beneath them. The dust is so dense at times as to obscure the view and penetrates the utmost recesses of the boys' lungs." Photo by Lewis Wickes Hine. View full size.

From the 1906 book The Bitter Cry of the Children by labor reformer John Spargo:

        Work in the coal breakers is exceedingly hard and dangerous. Crouched over the chutes, the boys sit hour after hour, picking out the pieces of slate and other refuse from the coal as it rushes past to the washers. From the cramped position they have to assume, most of them become more or less deformed and bent-backed like old men. When a boy has been working for some time and begins to get round-shouldered, his fellows say that “He’s got his boy to carry round wherever he goes.”

 

Breaker Boys: 1911

January 1911. "Group of boys working in No. 9 Breaker. Pennsylvania Coal Co., Hughestown Borough, Pittston, Pennsylvania. Smallest is Sam Belloma, Pine Street." Photograph by Lewis Wickes Hine for the National Child Labor Committee. View full size.

January 1911. "Group of boys working in No. 9 Breaker. Pennsylvania Coal Co., Hughestown Borough, Pittston, Pennsylvania. Smallest is Sam Belloma, Pine Street." Photograph by Lewis Wickes Hine for the National Child Labor Committee. View full size.

 

Hibbing: 1941

August 1941. "Main street of Hibbing, Minnesota." Medium format acetate negative by John Vachon for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

August 1941. "Main street of Hibbing, Minnesota." Medium format acetate negative by John Vachon for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

 

Shack at Osage: 1935

July 1935. "Scott's Run mining camps near Morgantown, W.Va. Domestic interior. Shack at Osage." 8x10 nitrate negative by Walker Evans for the Resettlement Admin. View full size.

July 1935. "Scott's Run mining camps near Morgantown, W.Va. Domestic interior. Shack at Osage." 8x10 nitrate negative by Walker Evans for the Resettlement Admin. View full size.

 

Dramatic Entrance: 1940

May 1940. "Front of abandoned residence in Georgetown, New Mexico. Ghost gold mining town." Acetate negative by Russell Lee for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

May 1940. "Front of abandoned residence in Georgetown, New Mexico. Ghost gold mining town." Acetate negative by Russell Lee for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

 

Paradise P.O.: 1940

May 1940. "A residence and post office at Paradise, Cochise County, Arizona, former center of mining development, now a fruit section." Acetate negative by Russell Lee. View full size.

May 1940. "A residence and post office at Paradise, Cochise County, Arizona, former center of mining development, now a fruit section." Acetate negative by Russell Lee. View full size.

 

Shave and a Shower: 1940

June 1940. "Barber shop at gold mining community of Mogollon, New Mexico." Medium format acetate negative by Russell Lee for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

June 1940. "Barber shop at gold mining community of Mogollon, New Mexico." Medium format acetate negative by Russell Lee for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

 

Silverton: 1940

September 1940. "Silverton, Colorado, lies in a valley at 9,400 feet elevation. This has been a center for mining and milling operations, and the tailing-choked Animas River can be seen at right." Acetate negative by Russell Lee for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

September 1940. "Silverton, Colorado, lies in a valley at 9,400 feet elevation. This has been a center for mining and milling operations, and the tailing-choked Animas River can be seen at right." Acetate negative by Russell Lee for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

 

Au Gone: 1940

September 1940. "Abandoned gold mill along Million Dollar Highway immediately south of Ouray, Colorado, in Ouray County." Medium format acetate negative by Russell Lee for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

September 1940. "Abandoned gold mill along Million Dollar Highway immediately south of Ouray, Colorado, in Ouray County." Medium format acetate negative by Russell Lee for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

 

Brownsville: 1938

1938. "Shenandoah, Pennsylvania. Miner's home in the Brownsville sector." Medium format acetate negative by Sheldon Dick for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

1938. "Shenandoah, Pennsylvania. Miner's home in the Brownsville sector." Medium format acetate negative by Sheldon Dick for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

 

Leadville: 1941

September 1941. "Houses in old mining town of Leadville, Colorado." Medium format acetate negative by Marion Post Wolcott for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

September 1941. "Houses in old mining town of Leadville, Colorado." Medium format acetate negative by Marion Post Wolcott for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

 

Sterling Sliver: 1939

October 1939. "Georgetown, Colorado. Silver mining town ghost town." From its heyday in the 1890s, Georgetown had dwindled from over 10,000 inhabitants to just a few hundred by the time this picture was made. Medium format negative by Arthur Rothstein. View full size.

October 1939. "Georgetown, Colorado. Silver mining town ghost town." From its heyday in the 1890s, Georgetown had dwindled from over 10,000 inhabitants to just a few hundred by the time this picture was made. Medium format negative by Arthur Rothstein. View full size.

 

Deadville: 1939

October 1939. "Georgetown, Colorado. Ghost mining town." Medium format acetate negative by Arthur Rothstein for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

October 1939. "Georgetown, Colorado. Ghost mining town." Medium format acetate negative by Arthur Rothstein for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

 

Georgetown: 1939

October 1939. "Georgetown, Colorado -- an old mining town in the mountains." Medium format acetate negative by Arthur Rothstein for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

October 1939. "Georgetown, Colorado -- an old mining town in the mountains." Medium format acetate negative by Arthur Rothstein for the Farm Security Administration. View full size.

 
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